Cryo Explorer Ethereum Mainnet

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.6;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-ERC20Permit.sol";
import "@paulrberg/contracts/token/erc20/Erc20Permit.sol";

import "./interfaces/ITickets.sol";

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";

contract Tickets is ERC20, ERC20Permit, Ownable, ITickets {
    constructor(string memory _name, string memory _symbol)
        ERC20(_name, _symbol)
        ERC20Permit(_name)
    {}

    function print(address _account, uint256 _amount)
        external
        override
        onlyOwner
    {
        return _mint(_account, _amount);
    }

    function redeem(address _account, uint256 _amount)
        external
        override
        onlyOwner
    {
        return _burn(_account, _amount);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.6;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";

interface ITickets is IERC20 {
    function print(address _account, uint256 _amount) external;

    function redeem(address _account, uint256 _amount) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/*
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../utils/Context.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which provides a basic access control mechanism, where
 * there is an account (an owner) that can be granted exclusive access to
 * specific functions.
 *
 * By default, the owner account will be the one that deploys the contract. This
 * can later be changed with {transferOwnership}.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the modifier
 * `onlyOwner`, which can be applied to your functions to restrict their use to
 * the owner.
 */
abstract contract Ownable is Context {
    address private _owner;

    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract setting the deployer as the initial owner.
     */
    constructor() {
        _setOwner(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address of the current owner.
     */
    function owner() public view virtual returns (address) {
        return _owner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
     */
    modifier onlyOwner() {
        require(owner() == _msgSender(), "Ownable: caller is not the owner");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Leaves the contract without owner. It will not be possible to call
     * `onlyOwner` functions anymore. Can only be called by the current owner.
     *
     * NOTE: Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
     * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
     */
    function renounceOwnership() public virtual onlyOwner {
        _setOwner(address(0));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers ownership of the contract to a new account (`newOwner`).
     * Can only be called by the current owner.
     */
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public virtual onlyOwner {
        require(newOwner != address(0), "Ownable: new owner is the zero address");
        _setOwner(newOwner);
    }

    function _setOwner(address newOwner) private {
        address oldOwner = _owner;
        _owner = newOwner;
        emit OwnershipTransferred(oldOwner, newOwner);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @title Counters
 * @author Matt Condon (@shrugs)
 * @dev Provides counters that can only be incremented, decremented or reset. This can be used e.g. to track the number
 * of elements in a mapping, issuing ERC721 ids, or counting request ids.
 *
 * Include with `using Counters for Counters.Counter;`
 */
library Counters {
    struct Counter {
        // This variable should never be directly accessed by users of the library: interactions must be restricted to
        // the library's function. As of Solidity v0.5.2, this cannot be enforced, though there is a proposal to add
        // this feature: see https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/4637
        uint256 _value; // default: 0
    }

    function current(Counter storage counter) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return counter._value;
    }

    function increment(Counter storage counter) internal {
        unchecked {
            counter._value += 1;
        }
    }

    function decrement(Counter storage counter) internal {
        uint256 value = counter._value;
        require(value > 0, "Counter: decrement overflow");
        unchecked {
            counter._value = value - 1;
        }
    }

    function reset(Counter storage counter) internal {
        counter._value = 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: WTFPL
pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

import "./IErc20.sol";

/// @notice Emitted when the owner is the zero address.
error Erc20__ApproveOwnerZeroAddress();

/// @notice Emitted when the spender is the zero address.
error Erc20__ApproveSpenderZeroAddress();

/// @notice Emitted when burning more tokens than are in the account.
error Erc20__BurnUnderflow(uint256 accountBalance, uint256 burnAmount);

/// @notice Emitted when the holder is the zero address.
error Erc20__BurnZeroAddress();

/// @notice Emitted when the sender did not give the caller a sufficient allowance.
error Erc20__InsufficientAllowance(uint256 allowance, uint256 amount);

/// @notice Emitted when the beneficiary is the zero address.
error Erc20__MintZeroAddress();

/// @notice Emitted when tranferring more tokens than there are in the account.
error Erc20__TransferUnderflow(uint256 senderBalance, uint256 amount);

/// @notice Emitted when the sender is the zero address.
error Erc20__TransferSenderZeroAddress();

/// @notice Emitted when the recipient is the zero address.
error Erc20__TransferRecipientZeroAddress();

/// @title Erc20
/// @author Paul Razvan Berg
contract Erc20 is IErc20 {
    /// PUBLIC STORAGE ///

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    string public override name;

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    string public override symbol;

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    uint8 public immutable override decimals;

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    uint256 public override totalSupply;

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    mapping(address => uint256) public override balanceOf;

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) public override allowance;

    /// CONSTRUCTOR ///

    /// @notice All three of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during construction.
    /// @param _name Erc20 name of this token.
    /// @param _symbol Erc20 symbol of this token.
    /// @param _decimals Erc20 decimal precision of this token.
    constructor(
        string memory _name,
        string memory _symbol,
        uint8 _decimals
    ) {
        name = _name;
        symbol = _symbol;
        decimals = _decimals;
    }

    /// PUBLIC NON-CONSTANT FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external virtual override returns (bool) {
        approveInternal(msg.sender, spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) external virtual override returns (bool) {
        uint256 newAllowance = allowance[msg.sender][spender] - subtractedValue;
        approveInternal(msg.sender, spender, newAllowance);
        return true;
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) external virtual override returns (bool) {
        uint256 newAllowance = allowance[msg.sender][spender] + addedValue;
        approveInternal(msg.sender, spender, newAllowance);
        return true;
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external virtual override returns (bool) {
        transferInternal(msg.sender, recipient, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20
    function transferFrom(
        address sender,
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount
    ) external virtual override returns (bool) {
        transferInternal(sender, recipient, amount);

        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance[sender][msg.sender];
        if (currentAllowance < amount) {
            revert Erc20__InsufficientAllowance(currentAllowance, amount);
        }
        approveInternal(sender, msg.sender, currentAllowance);
        return true;
    }

    /// INTERNAL NON-CONSTANT FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @notice Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner`s tokens.
    ///
    /// @dev Emits an {Approval} event.
    ///
    /// This is internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to e.g. set automatic
    /// allowances for certain subsystems, etc.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
    /// - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
    function approveInternal(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        if (owner == address(0)) {
            revert Erc20__ApproveOwnerZeroAddress();
        }
        if (spender == address(0)) {
            revert Erc20__ApproveSpenderZeroAddress();
        }

        allowance[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }

    /// @notice Destroys `burnAmount` tokens from `holder`, reducing the token supply.
    ///
    /// @dev Emits a {Transfer} event.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - `holder` must have at least `amount` tokens.
    function burnInternal(address holder, uint256 burnAmount) internal {
        if (holder == address(0)) {
            revert Erc20__BurnZeroAddress();
        }

        uint256 accountBalance = balanceOf[holder];
        if (accountBalance < burnAmount) {
            revert Erc20__BurnUnderflow(accountBalance, burnAmount);
        }

        // Burn the tokens.
        unchecked {
            balanceOf[holder] = accountBalance - burnAmount;
        }

        // Reduce the total supply.
        totalSupply -= burnAmount;

        emit Transfer(holder, address(0), burnAmount);
    }

    /// @notice Prints new tokens into existence and assigns them to `beneficiary`, increasing the
    /// total supply.
    ///
    /// @dev Emits a {Transfer} event.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - The beneficiary's balance and the total supply cannot overflow.
    function mintInternal(address beneficiary, uint256 mintAmount) internal {
        if (beneficiary == address(0)) {
            revert Erc20__MintZeroAddress();
        }

        /// Mint the new tokens.
        balanceOf[beneficiary] += mintAmount;

        /// Increase the total supply.
        totalSupply += mintAmount;

        emit Transfer(address(0), beneficiary, mintAmount);
    }

    /// @notice Moves `amount` tokens from `sender` to `recipient`.
    ///
    /// @dev This is internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to e.g. implement
    /// automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc.
    ///
    /// Emits a {Transfer} event.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - `sender` cannot be the zero address.
    /// - `recipient` cannot be the zero address.
    /// - `sender` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
    function transferInternal(
        address sender,
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        if (sender == address(0)) {
            revert Erc20__TransferSenderZeroAddress();
        }
        if (recipient == address(0)) {
            revert Erc20__TransferRecipientZeroAddress();
        }

        uint256 senderBalance = balanceOf[sender];
        if (senderBalance < amount) {
            revert Erc20__TransferUnderflow(senderBalance, amount);
        }
        unchecked {
            balanceOf[sender] = senderBalance - amount;
        }

        balanceOf[recipient] += amount;

        emit Transfer(sender, recipient, amount);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: WTFPL
pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

/// @title IErc20
/// @author Paul Razvan Berg
/// @notice Implementation for the Erc20 standard.
///
/// We have followed general OpenZeppelin guidelines: functions revert instead of returning
/// `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless conventional and does not conflict with
/// the with the expectations of Erc20 applications.
///
/// Additionally, an {Approval} event is emitted on calls to {transferFrom}. This allows
/// applications to reconstruct the allowance for all accounts just by listening to said
/// events. Other implementations of the Erc may not emit these events, as it isn't
/// required by the specification.
///
/// Finally, the non-standard {decreaseAllowance} and {increaseAllowance} functions have been
/// added to mitigate the well-known issues around setting allowances.
///
/// @dev Forked from OpenZeppelin
/// https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/blob/v3.4.0/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol
interface IErc20 {
    /// EVENTS ///

    /// @notice Emitted when an approval happens.
    /// @param owner The address of the owner of the tokens.
    /// @param spender The address of the spender.
    /// @param amount The maximum amount that can be spent.
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 amount);

    /// @notice Emitted when a transfer happens.
    /// @param from The account sending the tokens.
    /// @param to The account receiving the tokens.
    /// @param amount The amount of tokens transferred.
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 amount);

    /// CONSTANT FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @notice Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be allowed to spend
    /// on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is zero by default.
    ///
    /// @dev This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /// @notice Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /// @notice Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation.
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);

    /// @notice Returns the name of the token.
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /// @notice Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the name.
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /// @notice Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /// NON-CONSTANT FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @notice Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
    ///
    /// @dev Emits an {Approval} event.
    ///
    /// IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may
    /// use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution
    /// to mitigate this race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired
    /// value afterwards: https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
    ///
    /// @return a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /// @notice Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
    ///
    /// @dev Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
    ///
    /// This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for problems described
    /// in {Erc20Interface-approve}.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
    /// - `spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least `subtractedValue`.
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) external returns (bool);

    /// @notice Atomically increases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
    ///
    /// @dev Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
    ///
    /// This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for the problems described above.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) external returns (bool);

    /// @notice Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `recipient`.
    ///
    /// @dev Emits a {Transfer} event.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - `recipient` cannot be the zero address.
    /// - The caller must have a balance of at least `amount`.
    ///
    /// @return a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /// @notice Moves `amount` tokens from `sender` to `recipient` using the allowance mechanism. `amount`
    /// `is then deducted from the caller's allowance.
    ///
    /// @dev Emits a {Transfer} event and an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance. This is
    /// not required by the Erc. See the note at the beginning of {Erc20}.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - `sender` and `recipient` cannot be the zero address.
    /// - `sender` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
    /// - The caller must have approed `sender` to spent at least `amount` tokens.
    ///
    /// @return a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
    function transferFrom(
        address sender,
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC20.sol";
import "./extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import "../../utils/Context.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC20} interface.
 *
 * This implementation is agnostic to the way tokens are created. This means
 * that a supply mechanism has to be added in a derived contract using {_mint}.
 * For a generic mechanism see {ERC20PresetMinterPauser}.
 *
 * TIP: For a detailed writeup see our guide
 * https://forum.zeppelin.solutions/t/how-to-implement-erc20-supply-mechanisms/226[How
 * to implement supply mechanisms].
 *
 * We have followed general OpenZeppelin guidelines: functions revert instead
 * of returning `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless conventional
 * and does not conflict with the expectations of ERC20 applications.
 *
 * Additionally, an {Approval} event is emitted on calls to {transferFrom}.
 * This allows applications to reconstruct the allowance for all accounts just
 * by listening to said events. Other implementations of the EIP may not emit
 * these events, as it isn't required by the specification.
 *
 * Finally, the non-standard {decreaseAllowance} and {increaseAllowance}
 * functions have been added to mitigate the well-known issues around setting
 * allowances. See {IERC20-approve}.
 */
contract ERC20 is Context, IERC20, IERC20Metadata {
    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;

    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances;

    uint256 private _totalSupply;

    string private _name;
    string private _symbol;

    /**
     * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}.
     *
     * The default value of {decimals} is 18. To select a different value for
     * {decimals} you should overload it.
     *
     * All two of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during
     * construction.
     */
    constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the
     * name.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation.
     * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should
     * be displayed to a user as `5,05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`).
     *
     * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between
     * Ether and Wei. This is the value {ERC20} uses, unless this function is
     * overridden;
     *
     * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in
     * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including
     * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}.
     */
    function decimals() public view virtual override returns (uint8) {
        return 18;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-totalSupply}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-balanceOf}.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `recipient` cannot be the zero address.
     * - the caller must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        _transfer(_msgSender(), recipient, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-allowance}.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _allowances[owner][spender];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        _approve(_msgSender(), spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance. This is not
     * required by the EIP. See the note at the beginning of {ERC20}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `sender` and `recipient` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `sender` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     * - the caller must have allowance for ``sender``'s tokens of at least
     * `amount`.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address sender,
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount
    ) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        _transfer(sender, recipient, amount);

        uint256 currentAllowance = _allowances[sender][_msgSender()];
        require(currentAllowance >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds allowance");
        unchecked {
            _approve(sender, _msgSender(), currentAllowance - amount);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically increases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        _approve(_msgSender(), spender, _allowances[_msgSender()][spender] + addedValue);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least
     * `subtractedValue`.
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        uint256 currentAllowance = _allowances[_msgSender()][spender];
        require(currentAllowance >= subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
        unchecked {
            _approve(_msgSender(), spender, currentAllowance - subtractedValue);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` of tokens from `sender` to `recipient`.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to
     * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `sender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `recipient` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `sender` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function _transfer(
        address sender,
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        require(sender != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
        require(recipient != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(sender, recipient, amount);

        uint256 senderBalance = _balances[sender];
        require(senderBalance >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[sender] = senderBalance - amount;
        }
        _balances[recipient] += amount;

        emit Transfer(sender, recipient, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(sender, recipient, amount);
    }

    /** @dev Creates `amount` tokens and assigns them to `account`, increasing
     * the total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _mint(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _totalSupply += amount;
        _balances[account] += amount;
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `amount` tokens from `account`, reducing the
     * total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `account` must have at least `amount` tokens.
     */
    function _burn(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);

        uint256 accountBalance = _balances[account];
        require(accountBalance >= amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[account] = accountBalance - amount;
        }
        _totalSupply -= amount;

        emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner` s tokens.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to
     * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _approve(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC20: approve from the zero address");
        require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

        _allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * will be transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens will be minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens will be burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called after any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * has been transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens have been minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens have been burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _afterTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {}
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `recipient`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `sender` to `recipient` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address sender,
        address recipient,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: WTFPL
// solhint-disable var-name-mixedcase
pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

import "./Erc20.sol";
import "./IErc20Permit.sol";

/// @notice Emitted when the recovered owner does not match the actual owner.
error Erc20Permit__InvalidSignature(uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s);

/// @notice Emitted when the owner is the zero address.
error Erc20Permit__OwnerZeroAddress();

/// @notice Emitted when the permit expired.
error Erc20Permit__PermitExpired(uint256 deadline);

/// @notice Emitted when the recovered owner is the zero address.
error Erc20Permit__RecoveredOwnerZeroAddress();

/// @notice Emitted when the spender is the zero address.
error Erc20Permit__SpenderZeroAddress();

/// @title Erc20Permit
/// @author Paul Razvan Berg
contract Erc20Permit is
    IErc20Permit, // one dependency
    Erc20 // one dependency
{
    /// PUBLIC STORAGE ///

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20Permit
    bytes32 public immutable override DOMAIN_SEPARATOR;

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20Permit
    bytes32 public constant override PERMIT_TYPEHASH =
        0xfc77c2b9d30fe91687fd39abb7d16fcdfe1472d065740051ab8b13e4bf4a617f;

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20Permit
    mapping(address => uint256) public override nonces;

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20Permit
    string public constant override version = "1";

    /// CONSTRUCTOR ///

    constructor(
        string memory _name,
        string memory _symbol,
        uint8 _decimals
    ) Erc20(_name, _symbol, _decimals) {
        uint256 chainId;
        // solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
        assembly {
            chainId := chainid()
        }
        DOMAIN_SEPARATOR = keccak256(
            abi.encode(
                keccak256("EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)"),
                keccak256(bytes(name)),
                keccak256(bytes(version)),
                chainId,
                address(this)
            )
        );
    }

    /// PUBLIC NON-CONSTANT FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @inheritdoc IErc20Permit
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external override {
        if (owner == address(0)) {
            revert Erc20Permit__OwnerZeroAddress();
        }
        if (spender == address(0)) {
            revert Erc20Permit__SpenderZeroAddress();
        }
        if (deadline < block.timestamp) {
            revert Erc20Permit__PermitExpired(deadline);
        }

        // It's safe to use the "+" operator here because the nonce cannot realistically overflow, ever.
        bytes32 hashStruct = keccak256(abi.encode(PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, amount, nonces[owner]++, deadline));
        bytes32 digest = keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19\x01", DOMAIN_SEPARATOR, hashStruct));
        address recoveredOwner = ecrecover(digest, v, r, s);

        if (recoveredOwner == address(0)) {
            revert Erc20Permit__RecoveredOwnerZeroAddress();
        }
        if (recoveredOwner != owner) {
            revert Erc20Permit__InvalidSignature(v, r, s);
        }

        approveInternal(owner, spender, amount);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: WTFPL
// solhint-disable func-name-mixedcase
pragma solidity >=0.8.4;

import "./IErc20.sol";

/// @title IErc20Permit
/// @author Paul Razvan Berg
/// @notice Extension of Erc20 that allows token holders to use their tokens without sending any
/// transactions by setting the allowance with a signature using the `permit` method, and then spend
/// them via `transferFrom`.
/// @dev See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612.
interface IErc20Permit is IErc20 {
    /// NON-CONSTANT FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @notice Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over `owner`'s tokens, assuming the latter's
    /// signed approval.
    ///
    /// @dev Emits an {Approval} event.
    ///
    /// IMPORTANT: The same issues Erc20 `approve` has related to transaction
    /// ordering also apply here.
    ///
    /// Requirements:
    ///
    /// - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
    /// - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
    /// - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
    /// - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner` over the Eip712-formatted
    /// function arguments.
    /// - The signature must use `owner`'s current nonce.
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /// CONSTANT FUNCTIONS ///

    /// @notice The Eip712 domain's keccak256 hash.
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);

    /// @notice Provides replay protection.
    function nonces(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /// @notice keccak256("Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 amount,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)");
    function PERMIT_TYPEHASH() external view returns (bytes32);

    /// @notice Eip712 version of this implementation.
    function version() external view returns (string memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations.
 *
 * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder
 * of the private keys of a given address.
 */
library ECDSA {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature`. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM opcode allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     *
     * Documentation for signature generation:
     * - with https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.3.4/web3-eth-accounts.html#sign[Web3.js]
     * - with https://docs.ethers.io/v5/api/signer/#Signer-signMessage[ethers]
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address) {
        // Check the signature length
        // - case 65: r,s,v signature (standard)
        // - case 64: r,vs signature (cf https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098) _Available since v4.1._
        if (signature.length == 65) {
            bytes32 r;
            bytes32 s;
            uint8 v;
            // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
            // currently is to use assembly.
            assembly {
                r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                s := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
                v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60)))
            }
            return recover(hash, v, r, s);
        } else if (signature.length == 64) {
            bytes32 r;
            bytes32 vs;
            // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
            // currently is to use assembly.
            assembly {
                r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                vs := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
            }
            return recover(hash, r, vs);
        } else {
            revert("ECDSA: invalid signature length");
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098[EIP-2098 short signatures]
     *
     * _Available since v4.2._
     */
    function recover(
        bytes32 hash,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 vs
    ) internal pure returns (address) {
        bytes32 s;
        uint8 v;
        assembly {
            s := and(vs, 0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff)
            v := add(shr(255, vs), 27)
        }
        return recover(hash, v, r, s);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `v`, `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     */
    function recover(
        bytes32 hash,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal pure returns (address) {
        // EIP-2 still allows signature malleability for ecrecover(). Remove this possibility and make the signature
        // unique. Appendix F in the Ethereum Yellow paper (https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), defines
        // the valid range for s in (281): 0 < s < secp256k1n ÷ 2 + 1, and for v in (282): v ∈ {27, 28}. Most
        // signatures from current libraries generate a unique signature with an s-value in the lower half order.
        //
        // If your library generates malleable signatures, such as s-values in the upper range, calculate a new s-value
        // with 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 - s1 and flip v from 27 to 28 or
        // vice versa. If your library also generates signatures with 0/1 for v instead 27/28, add 27 to v to accept
        // these malleable signatures as well.
        require(
            uint256(s) <= 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0,
            "ECDSA: invalid signature 's' value"
        );
        require(v == 27 || v == 28, "ECDSA: invalid signature 'v' value");

        // If the signature is valid (and not malleable), return the signer address
        address signer = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
        require(signer != address(0), "ECDSA: invalid signature");

        return signer;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Message, created from a `hash`. This
     * produces hash corresponding to the one signed with the
     * https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-191.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 hash) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        // 32 is the length in bytes of hash,
        // enforced by the type signature above
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32", hash));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an Ethereum Signed Typed Data, created from a
     * `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`. This produces hash corresponding
     * to the one signed with the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`]
     * JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712.
     *
     * See {recover}.
     */
    function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked("\x19\x01", domainSeparator, structHash));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./ECDSA.sol";

/**
 * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712] is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data.
 *
 * The encoding specified in the EIP is very generic, and such a generic implementation in Solidity is not feasible,
 * thus this contract does not implement the encoding itself. Protocols need to implement the type-specific encoding
 * they need in their contracts using a combination of `abi.encode` and `keccak256`.
 *
 * This contract implements the EIP 712 domain separator ({_domainSeparatorV4}) that is used as part of the encoding
 * scheme, and the final step of the encoding to obtain the message digest that is then signed via ECDSA
 * ({_hashTypedDataV4}).
 *
 * The implementation of the domain separator was designed to be as efficient as possible while still properly updating
 * the chain id to protect against replay attacks on an eventual fork of the chain.
 *
 * NOTE: This contract implements the version of the encoding known as "v4", as implemented by the JSON RPC method
 * https://docs.metamask.io/guide/signing-data.html[`eth_signTypedDataV4` in MetaMask].
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 */
abstract contract EIP712 {
    /* solhint-disable var-name-mixedcase */
    // Cache the domain separator as an immutable value, but also store the chain id that it corresponds to, in order to
    // invalidate the cached domain separator if the chain id changes.
    bytes32 private immutable _CACHED_DOMAIN_SEPARATOR;
    uint256 private immutable _CACHED_CHAIN_ID;

    bytes32 private immutable _HASHED_NAME;
    bytes32 private immutable _HASHED_VERSION;
    bytes32 private immutable _TYPE_HASH;

    /* solhint-enable var-name-mixedcase */

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the domain separator and parameter caches.
     *
     * The meaning of `name` and `version` is specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-domainseparator[EIP 712]:
     *
     * - `name`: the user readable name of the signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol.
     * - `version`: the current major version of the signing domain.
     *
     * NOTE: These parameters cannot be changed except through a xref:learn::upgrading-smart-contracts.adoc[smart
     * contract upgrade].
     */
    constructor(string memory name, string memory version) {
        bytes32 hashedName = keccak256(bytes(name));
        bytes32 hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(version));
        bytes32 typeHash = keccak256(
            "EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)"
        );
        _HASHED_NAME = hashedName;
        _HASHED_VERSION = hashedVersion;
        _CACHED_CHAIN_ID = block.chainid;
        _CACHED_DOMAIN_SEPARATOR = _buildDomainSeparator(typeHash, hashedName, hashedVersion);
        _TYPE_HASH = typeHash;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator for the current chain.
     */
    function _domainSeparatorV4() internal view returns (bytes32) {
        if (block.chainid == _CACHED_CHAIN_ID) {
            return _CACHED_DOMAIN_SEPARATOR;
        } else {
            return _buildDomainSeparator(_TYPE_HASH, _HASHED_NAME, _HASHED_VERSION);
        }
    }

    function _buildDomainSeparator(
        bytes32 typeHash,
        bytes32 nameHash,
        bytes32 versionHash
    ) private view returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encode(typeHash, nameHash, versionHash, block.chainid, address(this)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Given an already https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-hashstruct[hashed struct], this
     * function returns the hash of the fully encoded EIP712 message for this domain.
     *
     * This hash can be used together with {ECDSA-recover} to obtain the signer of a message. For example:
     *
     * ```solidity
     * bytes32 digest = _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode(
     *     keccak256("Mail(address to,string contents)"),
     *     mailTo,
     *     keccak256(bytes(mailContents))
     * )));
     * address signer = ECDSA.recover(digest, signature);
     * ```
     */
    function _hashTypedDataV4(bytes32 structHash) internal view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return ECDSA.toTypedDataHash(_domainSeparatorV4(), structHash);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./draft-IERC20Permit.sol";
import "../ERC20.sol";
import "../../../utils/cryptography/draft-EIP712.sol";
import "../../../utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol";
import "../../../utils/Counters.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on `{IERC20-approve}`, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 *
 * _Available since v3.4._
 */
abstract contract ERC20Permit is ERC20, IERC20Permit, EIP712 {
    using Counters for Counters.Counter;

    mapping(address => Counters.Counter) private _nonces;

    // solhint-disable-next-line var-name-mixedcase
    bytes32 private immutable _PERMIT_TYPEHASH =
        keccak256("Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)");

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the {EIP712} domain separator using the `name` parameter, and setting `version` to `"1"`.
     *
     * It's a good idea to use the same `name` that is defined as the ERC20 token name.
     */
    constructor(string memory name) EIP712(name, "1") {}

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-permit}.
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) public virtual override {
        require(block.timestamp <= deadline, "ERC20Permit: expired deadline");

        bytes32 structHash = keccak256(abi.encode(_PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, value, _useNonce(owner), deadline));

        bytes32 hash = _hashTypedDataV4(structHash);

        address signer = ECDSA.recover(hash, v, r, s);
        require(signer == owner, "ERC20Permit: invalid signature");

        _approve(owner, spender, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-nonces}.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _nonces[owner].current();
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20Permit-DOMAIN_SEPARATOR}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view override returns (bytes32) {
        return _domainSeparatorV4();
    }

    /**
     * @dev "Consume a nonce": return the current value and increment.
     *
     * _Available since v4.1._
     */
    function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256 current) {
        Counters.Counter storage nonce = _nonces[owner];
        current = nonce.current();
        nonce.increment();
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}